如何使用SignalTap II觀察reg與wire值? (SOC) (Verilog) (Quar
Abstract
撰寫Verilog時,雖然每個module都會先用ModelSim或Quartus II自帶的simulator仿真過,但真的將每個module合併時,一些不可預期的『run-time』問題可能才一一浮現,這時得靠SignalTap II來幫忙debug。
Introduction
使用環境:Quartus II 8.0 + DE2-70 (Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6N)
實際使用SignalTap II時,會發現有些reg與wire可以觀察,有些又無法觀察,在(原創) 如何使用SignalTap II觀察reg值? (IC Design) (Quartus II) (SignalTap II) (Verilog)中,我利用將reg接到top module的方式來觀察reg,雖然可行,但老實說並不是很好的方式。當初有網友發表評論,說這是因為reg被Quartus II優化掉不見了,導致無法使用SignalTap II觀察,本文整理出完整的reg與wire觀察方法。
觀察reg
如同(原創) 如何使用SignalTap II觀察reg值? (IC Design) (Quartus II) (SignalTap II) (Verilog)的範例,我再重複一次。
SSignalTapII_register_not_preserve.v / Verilog
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_register_not_preserve.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to preserve register with SingalTap II
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_register_not_preserve (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N
13 );
14
15 reg [3:0] cnt;
16
17 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
18 if (!iRST_N)
19 cnt <= 4'h0;
20 else
21 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
22 end
23
24 endmodule
這是個很簡單的計數器,我故意讓cnt不做output,而想用SignalTap II去觀察cnt這個reg的值。
cnt都是0,顯然不合理,表示SignalTap II無法capture cnt這個reg的值。為什麼會這樣呢?
若我們將SignalTap II拿掉,重新用Quartus II編譯,觀察其compilation report,顯示register為0。
觀察RTL Viewer的合成結果,真的沒有register!!
這證明了一件事情,Quartus II在合成時,發現cnt並沒有需要output,而自動最佳化不合成cnt,導致SignalTap II無法觀察reg,不過有時為了debug方便,我們就是想觀察這種reg,有辦法讓Quartus II暫時不要啟動最佳化嗎?
使用Synthesis Attribute避免最佳化
SignalTapII_register_preserve.v / Verilog
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_register_preserve.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to preserve register in SignalTap II
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_register_preserve (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N
13 )
14
15 reg [3:0] cnt /*synthesis noprune*/;
16
17 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
18 if (!iRST_N)
19 cnt <= 4'h0;
20 else
21 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
22 end
23
24 endmodule
15行
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--reg [3:0] cnt /*synthesis noprune*/;
多了/*synthesis noprune*/這個synthesis attribute,指示Quartus II不要對cnt做最佳化,保留此register以供SignalTap II觀察,注意必須寫在分號前面,不能如下寫在分號後面。
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--reg [3:0] cnt;/*synthesis noprune*/ //錯!!
編譯後,SignalTap II就能順利的觀察到cnt的值!!重點是不需改top module的interface,只需對想觀察的reg加上synthesis attribute即可。
Quartus II也支援Verilog 2001的語法
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_register_preserve.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to preserve register in SignalTap II
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_register_preserve (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N
13 );
14
15 // Verilog 2001
16 //(*noprune*) reg [3:0] cnt;
17
18 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
19 if (!iRST_N)
20 cnt <= 4'h0;
21 else
22 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
23 end
24
25 endmodule
16行
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--(*noprune*) reg [3:0] cnt;
這是Verilog 2001的語法,Quartus II 8.0也能看得懂。
若希望整個module的reg都不被最佳化,可將synthesis attribute放在module。
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_register_preserve.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to preserve register in SignalTap II
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_register_preserve (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N
13 ) /*synthesis noprune*/;
14
15 reg [3:0] cnt;
16
17 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
18 if (!iRST_N)
19 cnt <= 4'h0;
20 else
21 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
22 end
23
24 endmodule
13行
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--module SignalTapII_register_preserve (
input iCLK,
input iRST_N
//);
) /*synthesis noprune*/;
將/*synthesis noprune*/放在module,這樣整個module的reg將不被最佳化,不用再一一指定。
另外一個與reg相關的Synthesis Attribute:/*synthesis preserve*/
跟reg相關的attribute,除了/*synthesis noprune*/可用,還有一個/*synthesis preserve*/可用,兩者的差異在於:
/*synthesis noprune*/ 避免Quartus II優化掉沒output的reg。
/*synthesis preserve*/ 避免Quartus II將reg優化為常數,或者合併重複的reg。
也可以使用Verilog 2001的寫法
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--//(*preserve*) reg [3:0] cnt;
或者整個module的寫法
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--module SignalTapII_register_preserve (
input iCLK,
input iRST_N
) /*synthesis preserve*/;
觀察wire
同樣的,在SignalTap II觀察wire時,有時也會因為被Quartus II優化掉而無法用SignalTap II觀察。
SignalTapII_wire_not_keep.v / Verilog
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_wire_not_keep.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to keep wire
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_wire_not_keep (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N,
13 output [3:0] oCNT
14 );
15
16 wire [3:0] Cnt;
17 reg [3:0] cnt;
18
19 assign Cnt = cnt;
20 assign oCNT = Cnt;
21
22 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
23 if (!iRST_N)
24 cnt <= 4'h0;
25 else
26 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
27 end
28
29 endmodule
16行
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--wire [3:0] Cnt;
假設我想用SignalTap II去觀察Cnt這個wire。
Cnt都是0,顯然不合理,表示SignalTap II無法capture cnt這個wire的值。為什麼會這樣呢?
因為Cnt這個wire已經被Quartus II優化不見了!!
不過有時為了debug方便,我們就是想觀察這種wire,有辦法讓Quartus II暫時不要啟動最佳化嗎?
SignalTapII_wire_keep.v / Verilog
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_wire_keep.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to keep wire
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_wire_keep (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N,
13 output [3:0] oCNT
14 );
15
16 wire [3:0] Cnt /*synthesis keep*/;
17 reg [3:0] cnt;
18
19 assign Cnt = cnt;
20 assign oCNT = Cnt;
21
22 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
23 if (!iRST_N)
24 cnt <= 4'h0;
25 else
26 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
27 end
28
29 endmodule
16行
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--wire [3:0] Cnt /*synthesis keep*/;
多了/*synthesis keep*/這個synthesis attribute,指示Quartus II不要對Cnt做最佳化,保留此wire以供SignalTap II觀察,注意必須寫在分號前面,不能如下寫在分號後面。
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--wire [3:0] Cnt;/*synthesis keep*/ //錯
編譯後,SignalTap II就能順利的觀察到Cnt的值!!重點是不需改top module的interface,只需對想觀察的wire加上synthesis attribute即可。
Quartus II也支援Verilog 2001的語法
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--1 /*
2 (C) OOMusou 2008 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com
3
4 Filename : SignalTapII_wire_keep.v
5 Compiler : Quartus II 8.0
6 Description : Demo how to keep wire
7 Release : 10/17/2008 1.0
8 */
9
10 module SignalTapII_wire_keep (
11 input iCLK,
12 input iRST_N,
13 output [3:0] oCNT
14 );
15
16 // Verilog 2001
17 (*keep*) wire [3:0] Cnt;
18 reg [3:0] cnt;
19
20 assign Cnt = cnt;
21 assign oCNT = Cnt;
22
23 always@(posedge iCLK, negedge iRST_N) begin
24 if (!iRST_N)
25 cnt <= 4'h0;
26 else
27 cnt <= cnt + 4'h1;
28 end
29
30 endmodule
17行
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--(*keep*) wire [3:0] Cnt;
這是Verilog 2001的語法,Quartus II 8.0也能看得懂。
不過目前Quartus II 8.0並不支援對整個module下/*synthesis keep*/,原因不明,我實際用Quartus II 8.0測試,SignalTap II並無反應,且Quartus II的help也沒說可以對整個module下/*synthesis keep*/。
完整程式碼下載
SignalTapII_register_not_preserve.7z (不使用synthesis noprune)
SignalTapII_register_preserve.7z (使用synthesis noprune
SignalTapII_wire_not_keep.7z (不使用synthesis keep)
SignalTapII_wire_keep.7z (使用synthesis keep)
Conclusion
關於避免Quartus II優化reg,/*synthesis noprune*/與/*synthesis preserve*/還是有些差異,程式寫到很大時,可能一時很難決定要用哪一個attribute,可以交替試試看,反正1/2的機會,總會對一個。
會使用synthesis attribute之後,總算解掉長久以來,無法用SignalTap II觀察reg與wire的老問題,感謝網友們的指導。
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